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Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the regime of Nazi Germany set up ghettos across occupied Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Gypsies, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation. In German documents, and signage at ghetto entrances, the Nazis usually referred to them as ''Jüdischer Wohnbezirk'' or ''Wohngebiet der Juden'', both of which translate as the Jewish Quarter. There were several distinct types including ''open ghettos'', ''closed ghettos'', ''work'', ''transit'', and ''destruction ghettos'', as defined by the Holocaust historians. In a number of cases, they were the place of Jewish underground resistance against the German occupation, known collectively as the ghetto uprisings.
==History==
The first anti-Jewish measures were enacted in Germany with the onset of Nazism, without the actual ghettoization plan for the German Jews which was rejected in the post-Kristallnacht period. However, soon after the 1939 German invasion of the Polish Second Republic, the Nazis began to designate areas of larger Polish cities and towns as exclusively Jewish, and within weeks, embarked on a massive programme of uprooting Polish Jews from their homes and businesses through forcible expulsions. The entire Jewish communities were deported into these closed off zones by train from their places of origin systematically, using Orpo battalions, first in the ''Reichsgaue'', and then throughout the ''Generalgouvernement'' territory.
The first ghetto of World War II was established on 8 October 1939 at Piotrków Trybunalski (38 days after the invasion),〔. ''Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority''.〕 with the Tuliszków ghetto established in December 1939. The first large metropolitan ghetto known as the Łódź Ghetto (''Litzmannstadt'') followed them in April 1940, and the Warsaw Ghetto in October. Most Jewish ghettos were established in 1940 and 1941. Subsequently, many ghettos were sealed from the outside, walled off with brickwork, or enclosed with barbed wire. In the case of sealed ghettos, any Jew found leaving them could be shot. The Warsaw Ghetto, located in the heart of the city, was the largest ghetto in Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of .〔(Warsaw ), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum〕 The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 people.〔(Ghettos ), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum〕 According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives, there were at least 1,000 such ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone.〔
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